
Journal zur Aneignung und Vermittlung von Kunst
If you want to fight fascism you need to stop finding it everywhere.
Dmitry Vilensky

Traditional march in commemoration of the assassination of two Russian journalists, Anastasia Baburova and Stanislav Markelov, in Moscow in 2009.
Berlin 19.01.2025, photo by Dmitry Vilensky
Historical Confusions or Empty Signifier? Set of Questions
There is a common belief that there is no single historically generalized concept of fascism, and we can only arrive at certain generalizations by retrospectively studying a whole range of vastly differing fascist movements. At the same time, we seem to possess an organic sensitivity, and just as an anti-Semite mistakenly believes he instinctively identifies a Jew, we too might think that we are capable, almost as in the Middle Ages, of detecting fascists "by smell" and exposing them. But will such exposure help us? And what if the "smell" has changed?
In one of his many interviews, Slavoj Žižek remarked that in public discussions fascist views are often understood as any insistence on a certain set of traditional values or as some form of opposition to the so-called "dictatorship of wokism." If we agree with this observation, we should ask ourselves: Does such inclusivity actually help in the real fight against fascism?
But we can still view fascism as a unified tendency in politics and everyday life that opposes the pluralistic autonomy of the multitude, as Antonio Negri conceptualizes it, and as suggested in the writings of Franco "Bifo" Berardi:
We have entered a totally new era in which internationalism has disappeared and solidarity has turned unthinkable because the workers’ movement has been broken by the force of precariousness and competition. In this conjuncture fascism has become the way of identification of the majority of the forces of labor. Identity (national, ethnic, racial, religious, and others) has replaced autonomy, and I don’t see where and when this trend can be broken because this trend is not a cycle, a phase, a short or long period of regression. This trend is the total devastation of society. What Negri never understood is the anthropological mutation produced by globalization, which goes beyond a momentary political defeat and changes forever the cognitive and psychological composition of society. (1)
Žižek also speaks of the rise of an era of (soft) fascism, represented by right-wing parties in the West and hardcore or "suicidal fascisms" (examples mostly appearing outside the so-called western world like Narendra Modi in India, Wladimir Putin in Russia, ultra-nationalist Zionists in Israel, or different Islamist fundamentalist). (2)
It now makes sense to describe the phenomenon of fascism as a restructuring of the class composition of society, carefully analyzing the conditions that have led to the planetary spread of petty-bourgeois consciousness in the era of the dictatorship of financial capital. For this reason, the texts of Marxist classics written in a different historical epoch — whether those by Georgi Dimitrov or by Leo Trotsky — are losing their relevance, as the transformed post-Fordist composition of society leads to an amorphous state, affecting not only the proletariat, which has lost its class consciousness, but society as a whole (as Trotsky predicted).
However, their insights into the connection between financial capital and fascism have become especially pertinent today: "Fascism is the open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinistic, and most imperialist elements of financial capital ..." as Georgi Dimitrov proclaimed at the 7th Congress of the Comintern.
To this we must add a range of new fascistic tendencies linked to the latest levels of technological and biopolitical control over human behavior and consciousness, which are exponentially amplified by the development of surveillance systems, information manipulation, and their integration into the realms of security and warfare. The sinister figure of technocrat Elon Musk seems to epitomize these new trends and his recent support for the AfD and Donald Trump speaks volumes.
All these factors lead us to conclude that fascism can indeed be characterized as eternal fascism.
From the Russian context
If we follow Umberto Eco's classification (3), it becomes evident that fascism has long since established itself in Russia. Consequently, from the perspective of the Russian context, these questions resonate with particular urgency. In 2007, we, Chto Delat collective, organized a major conference in Moscow titled "Fascism: An Old Enemy or a New Threat?". It was clear to us that Russian society (and not only Russian society) was witnessing the rise of alarming fascist tendencies. At the same time, we observed that Putinism, the new alt-right movements, and right-conservative parties differed significantly from the original manifestations of fascism and Nazism in the 1930s.
Subsequently, the participation of overtly old-school Nazis in the Russian anti-Putin movement, the escalation of Nazi street violence in Ukraine before and during the Maidan protests, and the aggressive use of anti-fascist rhetoric by Putinists — who invoke the politics of memory surrounding the victory over Nazi Germany — all this new factors forced us to ask the question of how to develop new methods of resistance. To do so, it is crucial to understand the phenomenon itself. In 2022, Ilya Budraitskis published an important analytical essay titled "Putinism as Fascism: Why It Is Necessary to Say This Today". In this work, he offers a comprehensive analysis of the genealogy, evolution, and contemporary configuration of the new Russian iteration of fascism. He writes:
Applying the concept of fascism to the current Russian regime should not lead to its exoticization, to the idea that the “fascistization” of post-Soviet Russia is a unique case, allegedly predetermined by the country’s special history. On the contrary, characterizing Putin’s regime as fascist should help us discern common features of the various currents on the far right emerging out of the crisis of the neoliberal capitalist order. I am convinced that characterizing Russia as fascist is justified only if we perceive it as an alarming sign of global trends that may lead to the formation of similar regimes internationally, including in the Western world. All of this inevitably brings us back to both rethinking the phenomenon of fascism itself and understanding the specific evolution of Putin’s regime as an integral part of the world capitalist system. (4)
Rightly pointing out the global nature of the ongoing processes, it is equally important to pay attention to certain local "dialects." One concept that may help us navigate this is the notion of schizo-fascism — fascism under the guise of fighting fascism — which many researchers consider a uniquely Russian political invention. This concept is shared by Timothy Snyder, who writes:
Fascist ideas have come to Russia at a historical moment, three generations after the Second World War, when it’s impossible for Russians to think of themselves as fascist. The entire meaning of the war in Soviet education was as an anti-fascist struggle, where the Russians are on the side of the good and the fascists are the enemy. So there's this odd business, which I call in the book 'schizo-fascism', where people who are themselves unambiguously fascists refer to others as fascists. (5)
This new Russian version of fascism is sometimes referred to as “rashism”, emphasizing its local, playful, and postmodern character. The concept has been the subject of many articles and analyses, though, unfortunately, these have done little to help — just as, in the 1930s, the essays of the Frankfurt School, Bertolt Brecht’s plays, and thousands of armed communist militants on the streets of German cities failed to prevent the rise of fascism in Germany.
Now, with most anti-fascist fighters in Russia imprisoned, exiled, or resigned to despair, and with the situation appearing particularly grim and hopeless, it is crucial to return to the question of how to organize resistance going forward.
Desertion or an attack?
If we accept the "anthropological mutation caused by globalization, which goes beyond short-term political defeat and permanently changes the cognitive and psychological structure of societies”, then few options for resistance remain, apart from Bifo's proposed solution: desertion.
However, there is an argument to be made that the paths of "anthropological mutation" are unpredictable and may take unexpected directions. This suggests that it is worth considering how to resolve this historical contradiction and make anti-fascist politics class-based again, even in a globalized post-Fordist society characterized by atomization and identity-driven enthusiasm. How to achieve this remains unclear, but the most troubling aspect is that this central question seems marginalized in the realm of real politics or co-opted by conservatives of various shades.
To move forward, it seems crucial to refrain from identifying all supporters of Donald Trump, Marine Le Pen, Wladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Hamas, Banjamin Netanyahu, the AfD, and others equally outright fascists. Doing so can help us to more precisely identify those groups that truly embody fascism. It is essential not to generalize the notion of a monolithic "fascist unity", as doing so risks contributing to its actual formation. Instead, the goal should be to fracture this unity and make its internal contradictions visible.
At the same time, it is important not to shy away from reclaiming an understanding of common sense from right-wing politicians. This, however, can only be achieved by abandoning narrow identity-based frameworks.
I believe it's time to abandon the rhetoric of a "war to total defeat". There is no unified fascist center today that could sign its unconditional surrender, and dreaming of smashing the heads of all Donald-Trump-supporters won’t lead to anything good either. This is not a call for tolerance — some can only be taught through force — but in response to the rhetorical question from Austria’s cultural sphere, Resistance Now: How to Defeat the Fascists with the Power of Love? (6), the answer suggests itself: Love cannot be the only weapon. As Phil Ochs said: "One good song with a message can bring a point more deeply to more people than a thousand rallies." (7) The problem is, we've forgotten how to write and perform such songs.
Fascism is a dangerous social disease, and it is a generic and eternal illness — we will never be able to eradicate it completely. A strategy of zero tolerance is as ineffective in combating this epidemic as zero-COVID was during the pandemic. What we need are “vaccines”, “distancing”, and “masks”. But even more than that, we need to focus on developing civic immunity, which would encompass various forms of interaction and coexistence with the «virus» before it evolves into a fatal illness.
This is a complex task, but still achievable if we are willing to rethink our politics and the long series of historical mistakes we’ve made. Only in this way do we stand a chance of creating a socially mobilizing movement that leaves fascism no opportunity to realize its will to power.
Dmitry Vilensky is an artist, educator and cultural environmentalist. He mostly works in collective practices and focuses on developing architecture constructions, educational seminars, photographic works and more. He is a founding member of the collective Chto Delat, editor of the Chto Delat newspaper and the main facilitator of the School of Engaged Art. He has published in the art press and is a guest teacher at many international art academies.
Footnotes:
1. see The Power of Quitting: An Interview with Franco “Bifo” Berardi at https://critinq.wordpress.com/2024/07/29/the-power-of-quitting-an-interview-with-franco-bifo-berardi/ (visited 20.01.2025)
2. see more here https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/kate-mossman-interview/2024/07/slavoj-zizek-the-court-jester-of-late-capitalism (visited 20.01.2025)
3. see here : https://www.openculture.com/2024/11/umberto-ecos-list-of-the-14-common-features-of-fascism.html (visited 20.01.2025)
4. Ilya Budraitskis, October 27, 2022
https://spectrejournal.com/putinism/?fbclid=IwAR2fGDmSj6a1PB9TEPcxuXw0C_BhrSruMiPukFpMiD33I4hPmFYDiCmOhLc (visited 20.01.2025)
5. Timothy Snyder on Russia and “Dark Globalization”
https://www.publicbooks.org/public-thinker-timothy-snyder-on-russia-and-dark-globalization/ (visited 20.01.2025)
6. https://international-institute.de/en/resistance-now-how-to-defeat-the-fascists-with-the-power-of-love/ (visited 20.01.2025)